Poems with dashes and exclamation points4/18/2024 ![]() Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis. In numbers four digits long, a comma is optional. In numbers more than four digits long, use commas to separate the numbers into groups of three, starting from the right. If a title follows a name, separate the title from the rest of the sentence with a pair of commas. The elements of an address or place name are separated by commas. In dates, the year is set off from the rest of the sentence with a pair of commas. If the speaker (not the listener) in the conversation is identified, his name, (or the noun or pronoun used to refer to the speaker), and the verb that refers to his speaking are enclosed within commas. Direct address is indicated by the use of a comma or commas, depending upon its placement within the sentence.Ī dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. When a speaker in a sentence names the person to whom he is speaking, this addressing of his audience is called direct address. Nonrestrictive appositives are set off with commas restrictive appositives are not. Appositives offer nonessential information. Use commas to enclose clauses not essential to the meaning of a sentence.Īn appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames a nearby noun. Use a comma to separate each item in a series a series is a group of three or more items having the same function and form in a sentence. Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, yet, so, or nor, for) when it joins two complete ideas (independent clauses). Overuse of exclamation points is a sign of undisciplined writing. It also replaces a midsentence comma.Īvoid using an exclamation point in formal business writing. Use an exclamation point to show emotion, emphasis, or surprise.Īn exclamation point replaces a period at the end of a sentence. If a quoted question ends in midsentence, the question mark replaces a comma. If a question is within the quoted material, a question mark should be placed inside the quotation marks. The placement of question marks with quotation marks follows logic. Use a question mark when a sentence is half statement and half question. Rhetorical questions should not end with a question mark because they don't require or expect an answer. Question marks replace and eliminate periods at the end of a sentence.Ĭapitalize the word that follows a question markĪvoid the common trap of using question marks with indirect questions, which are statements that contain questions. Use a question mark only after a direct question. Question marks and exclamation points replace and eliminate periods at the end of a sentence. If the last item in the sentence is an abbreviation that ends in a period, do not follow it with another period. Use a period at the end of a complete sentence that is a statement. They are the period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, hyphen, parentheses, brackets, braces, apostrophe, quotation marks, and ellipsis. There are 14 punctuation marks that are commonly used in English grammar. Homophones: words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meaningsĮxample: pair (two of a kind), pare ( to trim), and Pear (fruit) ![]() Silent letters: a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation.Įxample of letters that can be silent in some words: b, g, gh, h, k, l, t, w A consonant letter is any letter other than a, e, i, o, u. There are 21 consonant letters in the alphabet.
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